Granular flow around a cylindrical obstacle in an inclined chute

Shock waves and granular vacua are important phenomena for studying the behavior of materials due to dramatic change in flow properties across shock wave particle-free feature at boundary vacuum. In this paper, we use experiment numerical simulation study free-surface past a cylindrical obstacle an inclined chute, where time-dependent development impacting is analyzed both microscopic macroscopic scales using discrete element method (DEM) depth-averaged model, respectively. Using high-speed camera results as benchmark solution, solutions compared between simulation. The DEM shows better agreement its formation it capable capturing solid, liquid, gas behaviors region, while model provides closer simpler jump solution shock. It shown from that can give rise solid–liquid–gas following propagation around obstacle, where, front region be regarded solid regime becomes stationary during primary course flow. With propagating downstream, extends significantly exhibits strong liquid behavior. Another mixed also observed appearance vacuum, localized [Formula: see text]-rheology effective resolving vacuum